Introduction to Buffer Solutions

Introduction to Buffer Solutions Introduction Buffer solution is a solution consisting a mixture of weak acid and its conjugate base . Furthermore they declare that buffer solutions are very essential to keep the pH value nearly constant in variety of chemical application. ( Crowe and Bradshaw 2010) Many life forms thrives only in a relatively small pH range so they utilize a buffer solution to maintain a constant pH, one common example of a buffer solution found in nature is blood. buffer solution is very vital t keep the pH at a constant value in variety of enzymes in many organisms to work this is due to different enzymes work at different prà ©cised pH. On the same way they state that if the pH range moves above or below the range, the enzymatic action either stops or can denature where there are many cases denaturation can permanently disable their catalytic activity. ( Kotz, Treichel and Townsend ,2009) Buffer of carbonic acid and bicarbonate is present in blood plasma maintain pH between 7.35 to 7.45.Over more they clarify that there are two main types of buffer system, Acid buffer system: the solution containing large amount of weak acid and its salt with strong base is termed as acidic buffer solution. pH = pKa + log [salt] / [acid] Basic buffer system: the solution containing large amount of weak base and its salt with strong acid is termed as basic buffer solution. pOH = pKb + log [salt] / [base] (Moore, Stanitski and Jurs (2009) In living organisms including human the important buffer solution to maintain the ph of the blood is bicarbonate buffering system. On the other hand they state that this bicarbonate buffer system tends to maintain relatively constant plasma pH, where carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acids which in turn rapidly dissociate to form hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions.( Lanham et al ,2011) CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3 + H+ Blood is dumped by excess hydrogen ions, some of those hydrogen ions associate with bicarbonate forming carbonic acid results in increase in acidity of the blood. As well as they elaborate that due to this incident the buffering system becomes powerful regulator of acidity by accompanying with respiratory compensation in which breathing is altered to modify the carbon dioxide in circulation which results in increase in ventilation therefore increase the loss of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. (Rhoades and Bell (2012), pH meter is a electronic device that is used to measure the ph of the solution, where a typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe connected to an electronic meter that measures and display the reading. (Kenkel,2013) Objectives To know how to prepare buffer solution. To practice again how to prepare standard solution. To know how to measure the pH using pH meter. Materials Used Electronic balance Pipette Measuring cylinder Watch glass Beaker pH meter Volumetric flask (100ml) NaHPO4 powder (0.7 g) Na2HPO4 powder (1.56 g) Sodium hydroxide pellets Ammonium chloride powder Glass rod Spatula Methodology At pH 7 NAHPO4, 0.70g and Na2HPO4, 1.56g was taken and measured using the electronic balance. Then both NAHPO4 and Na2HPO4 were mixed together into the volumetric flask. First half of the volumetric flask was filled with distilled water and dissolved by inverting. Later on the flask was filled with distilled water till it reaches the meniscus level. Finally the pH was measured. At pH 10 NH4OH NH4+ + OH; pKb = 4.74 pOH = pKb + log [NH4+] / [NH3] pKw = pH + pOH 14 = 10 + pOH pOH = 4 pOH = pKb + log [NH4+] / [NH3] 4 = 4.74 + log [NH4+] / [NH3] [NH4+] / [NH3] = 10 -0.74 = 0.181 NH4CL, 0.1m standard solution was made. Afterwards NaOH, 0.34g was measured using the electronic balance. NaOH of 0.34g was obtained by, NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O x 0.1 – x 0 x [NH4+] / [NH3] = 0.181 X = 0.085M of OH- Number of mole of NaOH = 0.085 x (100 / 1000) = 0.0085 mols Mass of NaOH = 0.0085 x 40 = 0.34g Then afterwards 0.34g of NaOH was dissolved in 0.1 M of NH4Cl to form a buffer solution. NaOH, 0.1m standard solution was made. Afterwards NaOH, 0.34g was measured using the electronic balance. NH4Cl of 0.63g was obtained by, NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O x 0.1 x – 0.1 0 0.1 [NH4+] / [NH3] = 0.181 X = 0.1181M of NH4+ Number of mole of NH4Cl = 0.1181x (100 / 1000) = 0.01181 mols Mass of NH4Cl = 0.01181 x 35 = 0.63g Then afterwards 0.63g of NH4Cl was dissolved in 0.1 M of NaOH to form a buffer solution. Later on using the pH meter the final ph of each buffer solution was measured approximately. Results Discussion / Conclusion Every precise work the pH meter should be calibrated before each measurement, at every experiment the calibration is done because the glass rode does not give reproducible electro motive force over longer periods of time. Additionally further he states that pH meter calibration should be performed with at least two standard buffer solutions that span the range of pH values to be measured. (Hauser 2001) Single measurement the probe should be rinsed with distilled water to remove any traces of solution being measured and then it should be blotted using the scientific wipe to absorb any remaining water which could dilute the sample which alters the reading. (Prichard 2003) Reference Crowe, J and Bradshaw, T (2010). Chemistry of biosciences: the essential concepts. Google Books [Online].Availableat:http://books.google.lk/books?id=onacAQAAQBAJpg=PA578dq=buffer+solutionhl=ensa=Xei=UkOuU7OtJJO78gXkvIDYDQredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=buffer%20solutionf=false(Accessed: 28 Aug 2014) Kotz, J., Treichel, P and Townsend, J (2009). Chemistry and chemistry reactivity, enhanced edition. Google Books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=IBESYmQcb0sCpg=PA851dq=buffer+solutionhl=ensa=Xei=u0CuU4PYBYS78gXVpoGIAwredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=buffer%20solutionf=false (Accessed: 28 aug 2014) Moore, J., Stanitski, C and Jurs, P (2009). Principles of chemistry: the molecular science. Googke Books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=ZOm8L9oCwLMCpg=PA575dq=buffer+solutionhl=ensa=Xei=u0CuU4PYBYS78gXVpoGIAwredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=buffer%20solutionf=false (Accessed: 27 aug 2014) Lanham, S.A., Stear,S., Shirreffs,S and Colins, A (2011). Sports and exercise nutrition. Google Books [online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=YePJM98Np5MCpg=RA1PT115dq=blood+acting+as+bufferhl=ensa=Xei=E0KuU8ypKYb_8QWLh4G4Awredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=blood%20acting%20as%20bufferf=false (Accessed: 28 aug 2014) Rhoades, R.A and Bell, D.R (2012). Medical physiology: principles of clinical medicine. Google Books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=1kGcFOKCUzkCpg=PA457dq=blood+acting+as+bufferhl=ensa=Xei=E0KuU8ypKYb_8QWLh4G4Awredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=blood%20acting%20as%20bufferf=false (Accessed: 28 June 2014) Kenkel, J (2013). Analytical chemistry for technicians fourth edition. Google books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=JZAAAAAAQBAJpg=PA400dq=ph+meterhl=ensa=Xei=0LOuU8T0Os7r8AWY0oHwAgredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=ph%20meterf=false (Accessed: 27aug 2014) Hauser, B (2001). Drinking water chemistry: laboratory manual. Google Books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=SVxcRu68YGwCpg=PA28dq=calibration+of+ph+meterhl=ensa=Xei=lQ2wU_GhI8yB8gWx9oDAAwredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=calibration%20of%20ph%20meterf=false (Accessed: 26 aug 2014) Prichard, E (2003). Measurement of pH. Google books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=HNJy5rtJLjACpg=PA2dq=ph+meterhl=ensa=Xei=0LOuU8T0Os7r8AWY0oHwAgredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=ph%20meterf=false (Accessed: 28 aug 2014)

School Crime And Violence

Crime and violence in schools are issues that are of significant public concern, especially after the series of tragic school shootings recently. The schools have exercised care in making the students safe but many schools are now facing serious problems so that effective strategies can be devised to prevent school violence and increase school safety. (Small and Tetrick). The terms â€Å"school violence† and â€Å"school safety,† are still terms that need to be commonly defined. The authors maintain that â€Å"Multiple approaches can prove beneficial as each discipline brings to bear the full force of its knowledge and experience, but they complicate the task of summarizing the state of school violence. For instance, should school violence be considered a subset of youth violence? †(Small and Tetrick). Most of the violence in schools are involved in gangs. A gang is a group of people who form an allegiance for a common purpose and engage in unlawful or criminal activity. Gangs give members companionship, guidance, excitement and identity. When a member needs something, the others come to the rescue and provide protection. Gangs members have significantly lower levels of self-esteem compared to their non-gang peers. They also could name fewer adult role models than did their non-gang ,peers. It is no doubt that America has become a violent society. Television programs alone show gruesome murders and violence as if they are normal incidences in our lives. It is said that children learn to imitate the violence that they see on television. These take root in a lot of issues, foremost of which is on gun control. The positive effects of the strict enforcement of gun laws are readily seen. The Brady Campaign, for example believes that â€Å"background checks nationwide stopped over 600,000 felons and other prohibited purchasers from buying handguns from federally licensed firearm dealers. † Some say this is one big reason why there is a need to advocate gun control. Once people realize that there is a direct correlation between the increases in violence as correlated with gun possession, they would also be against gun violence in society. However, opinions are at odds with regards to the issue of gun control. Remarkably, both advocates and opponents of gun control policies in the United States use statistics to back up their stance. The Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that: According to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), in 2003, 449,150 victims of violent crimes stated that they faced an offender with a firearm. Incidents involving a firearm represented 7% of the 4. 9 million violent crimes of rape and sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated and simple assault. The FBI's Crime in the United States estimated that 67% of the 16,503 murders in 2003 were committed with firearms. â€Å"Gun Control vs. Gun Rights). Advocates of gun control directly use statistics such as this to assert that the increase in violence is positively correlated with gun possession. Organizations such as the National Rifle Association of America (NRA) and other proponents of gun rights oppose such view. Alexander, for one, insists that such arguments contradict factual studies. He contradicts the correlation, saying that â€Å"cities with the most restrictive gun laws, like Washington, D. C. , and Atlanta, Georgia, in fact, have the highest murder rates in the nation. At the center of the gun control issue is the Second Amendment to the Constitution: â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed. † Arguments usually focus on the interpretation of the law. The Second Amendment is the main banner of gun rights activists. Gun control advocates, on the other hand, feel that gun control opponents misinterpret the law when they assume that it means absolute right to ownership of guns by private individuals (Krouse). They assert that the Second Amendment only refers to gun ownership in situation of â€Å"militia† and not for general purposes. Gun control supporters feel that gun possession by just anybody is a contributing cause of increased incidence of crimes in the United States. In Guns and Terror, Berger and Henigan present studies to support their statement that â€Å"Gun shows are a breeding ground for gun sales to terrorist [and that] nothing in federal law prevents terrorists from quickly amassing arsenals of weapons† (4). Opponents to the gun control movement also believe that there is not enough factual evidence to the other side’s claim that banning the sale of some kinds of guns result to lower crime rates (â€Å"Gun Control vs. Gun Rights†). Alexander accuses gun control groups of ‘demagogue-ing’ the issue and maintains that the root of the problem is culture, and not the gun. He even notes that â€Å"many of the problems in question are the result of Leftist doctrines. † The Brady Campaign believes that stricter rules on gun ownership will result in communities with minimal crimes since they correlate guns with most crimes committed. Proponents of gun control also base this belief on what they see as positive effects of enforcement of gun laws. The Brady Campaign, for example believes that â€Å"background checks nationwide stopped over 600,000 felons and other prohibited purchasers from buying handguns from federally licensed firearm dealers. † Gun rights proponents maintain that stricter rules could actually cause crime rates to rise as criminals only tend to go places with stricter gun rules. Alexander quotes Thomas Sowell as saying, â€Å"Most criminals aren’t that stupid; they tend to go where the guns aren’t. †(Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence). Proponents of gun control continue to push for the passage of new laws and/or amendments to existing laws to restrict gun ownership. For one, they are lobbying for legislation covering what they refer to as loopholes, specifically in issues such as juvenile access to firearms, and sales at gun shows and through the Internet (Brady Campaign). Opponents are also continuing efforts to gather support to counter the move of gun control advocates. The NRA is drawing support through massive information drive advocating Second Amendment rights and the protection of Americans’ hunting heritage. The NRA also performs studies and surveys contradicting the position of gun control supporters. In their survey on what Americans think of Right-to-Carry laws, results show that 79% of the voters stood in favor of such laws (National Rifle Association of America). The Brady Campaign notes, â€Å"according to an analysis of the FBI Uniform Crime Report, the percentage of violent crimes committed with firearms has declined dramatically after the Brady Law went into effect. † Supporters of gun control assert the need for more restrictions in gun ownership, especially in the federal level. They call for stricter background checks for people who intend to purchase licensed firearms. Gun rights supporters do not see additional laws and amendments to laws as a solution to increase in crime rates. Alexander writes, â€Å"Gun restrictions have not protected citizens in Atlanta, Washington, D. C. , New York or Boston, much less anyone in Columbine or Red Lake. Nor did such laws protect Jews from Hitler or Stalin or Chinese peasants from Mao, etc. , ad infinitum. † Alexander also advises politicians and gun controllers alike to look at the cultural aspects of the problem and not the instruments. The National Rifle Association of America has opposed every effort by gun control advocates, specially the Brady Campaign group, which they think will encroach on their rights under the Second Amendment. They maintain that gun ownership is their constitutional right and should not be limited to recreational purposes only. The NRA, in fact, is supporting enactment of laws involving Self-Defense and â€Å"freedom† to carry guns (Alexander, Mark 2005). Indeed, the right of law-abiding citizens to carry concealed firearms for purpose of self-defense has become a hot and controversial topic and one that will continue to be so for a long time. Schools need to protect the children from these gun-toting individuals and avoid another Columbine or Virginia Tech incident.

Common Prepositions for ELS/EFL Students

The following list contains the key English prepositions for English language learners. There are more than 150 English prepositions in English. However, this list contains the most commonly used and serves as an excellent starting English prepositions list for most learners and classes. These English prepositions are divided into one word, two-word prepositions and three-word prepositions. The two word and three words English prepositions are also known as prepositional phrases. One Word Prepositions aboutaboveacrossafteragainstalongamongaroundasatbeforebehindbelowbeneathbesidebetweenbeyondbydespitedownduringexceptforfrominincludinginsideintolikenearnextofoffonontooppositeoutoutsideoverpastthroughtotowardtowardsunderuntilupuponwithwithout Two Word Prepositions according toahead ofaside frombecause ofclose todue toexcept forfar frominside ofinstead ofnear tonext toout fromout ofoutside ofregardless of Three Word Prepositions as far asas well asby means ofin accordance within addition toin case ofin front ofin place ofin spite ofon account ofon behalf ofon top ofwith regard to

Essay Entrepreneurship - Starting Your Own Business

Entrepreneurship defined by Jeff Cornwall at Belmont University is, â€Å"A process of identifying, evaluating, seizing an opportunity and bringing together the resources necessary for success.† (www.belmont.edu) There are a wide variety of risks when it comes to starting and running your own business, just some of them are: under capitalization, poor management, market misjudgment, and lack of planning. Lack of planning and under capitalization go hand-in-hand because if you don’t properly plan your strategies and what you would like to do in the future of the company you are trying to start, then you aren’t going to be able to afford it. Like when someone says â€Å"Just looking!† while searching for a car, you put yourself in a weaker position†¦show more content†¦Working under this kind of prejudice might rule some people out of choosing an entrepreneurial life style, however, there are some people who find working under such conditions fun be cause they can try to prove how not everyone follows those shady tactics. â€Å"Tenacity, street smarts, the ability to pivot, resiliency, inspiration, and the willingness to accept risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (www.actionmba.org, 2010) Are personality traits you should have to be successful in the world of entrepreneurship. There will most likely be times during your endeavor that people will give up on you, your idea, or both and you should have the drive to back up your goals no matter what. You should be able to pivot according to where the market goes and have the ability to be successful and innovative in a wide spectrum of situations. On the flip side, some people believe that you don’t necessarily need to be born with such traits to become a great business owner; all it takes is some practice to love and nurture these traits so that they become just like habit! Or maybe all you need is one of these traits that can be linked to others so that you can pick them up quickly†¦ Further studying needs to happen before we can know for sure but for now we do know that if you are strong and motivated, then little will be able to stop youShow MoreRelatedEntrepreneurship Should Be Aware At The World Of Entrepreneurship Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesALTHOUGH OWNING A BUSINESS HAS MANY BENEFITS AND PROVIDED MANY OPPORTUNITIES ANYONE PLANNING TO ENTER THE WORLD OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP SHOULD BE AWARE OF ITS POTENTIAL DRAWBACKS Introduction:- Entrepreneurship is defined as the practice of beginning a new trade or reviving an existing business, for capitalizing on fresh opportunities. 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The Great Powers Of The Japanese War - 796 Words

VII. Conclusion To conclude, one must take the actions and role of Yamagata, the Genro as well as the happenings and aftereffect of the Sino-Japanese war in order to rationalize the aggressive behavior of members of the Japanese military state. John Mearsheimer’s description of offensive realism perfectly describes Japan during the Russo-Japanese War. The actions of the military prove he assumptions asserted in the method section of the paper in the following ways. Firstly, the international system is anarchical and the great powers wish to maintain this status. Although Japan was not considered a great power at this time, there was little reason for the Great Powers (England, France, Germany; Russia) to perceive Japan as any military threat. These powers worked and fought against each other to maintain their status and did not expect a non-great power to try to change the status. One may claim that Japan chose the â€Å"weakest† of the great powers to show off its military might, but one can also disprove this claim based on the proximity of Japan and Russia. The countries had similar interests in China and Japan needed to maintain its military ability in the region. Secondly, States must possess offensive military capability to remain relevant in the global spectrum and protect themselves. As opposed to having a mere defensive capability, Yamagata understood the importance of the Japanese military taking what they needed for the good of Japan. Having only a defensive militaryShow MoreRelatedJapanese Motives For Entering Wwii1390 Words   |  6 Pages Japanese Motives For Entering WWII In 1939, Japan joined the Axis powers, and along with Germany and Italy became an active threat to the world. For years, Japan struggled with the concept that it was inferior to such world powers as the United States and Great Britain. 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Succubus on Top CHAPTER 18 Free Essays

â€Å"That’s not funny,† I said. â€Å"Seems like a reasonable question.† I looked at him and then wrapped my arms around myself. We will write a custom essay sample on Succubus on Top CHAPTER 18 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Is that all you’re going to say?† â€Å"I†¦I don’t really know what else to say.† â€Å"This is the part where you yell at me.† His eyebrows rose. â€Å"Oh, I see. I didn’t know this was already scripted out. â€Å" â€Å"That’s not what†¦look. I slept with someone else. And not just slept. I didn’t have to do it†¦not the way I have to with humans. You get that, right?† â€Å"Yes,† he said, still dead calm. â€Å"And I wasn’t drunk or anything. Tipsy maybe, but still in control of my senses.† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"So aren’t you mad?† â€Å"Stunned is the dominant emotion at the moment. Finding out someone impersonated you is almost more troubling than the sex part.† â€Å"He didn’t impersonate you, perse†¦I mean, I knew it was him.† â€Å"I know. But it’s still weird.† When he fell silent again, I could only stare with incredulity. He caught my look and retuned it. â€Å"What do you want?† This time he did sound annoyed, almost angry. â€Å"Do you want me to be mad? Will that like†¦punish you or something? Is that what you want?† I said nothing and realized that was exactly what I wanted. I had read a book once where a guy accidentally killed a girl while driving drunk. His powerful family had managed to keep him out of jail, and he’d hated it. He’d wanted the cleansing catharsis of real punishment, of paying for his crimes. Right now, I needed the same thing. â€Å"I deserve it,† I told Seth. His voice was cold. â€Å"Well, I’m not going to give it to you right now. You can’t dictate what I feel. Sorry.† My mouth started to drop open, unsure what to do with this turn of events. The ringing of my cell phone interrupted my rumination. I glanced at my purse, then let the phone go to voice mail. A moment later, it rang again. â€Å"You should answer it,† Seth told me. I didn’t want to talk to anyone. I wanted to crawl into a hole. But I got the phone and read the display. No one I recognized. Sometimes that was Jerome. If I didn’t answer, the demon was likely to teleport on over, and that was quite possibly the only thing that could make this scenario worse. â€Å"I’m sorry,† I said softly to Seth, just before I answered. I didn’t know if I was apologizing for the interruption or what I’d done with Bastien. â€Å"Hello?† â€Å"Hey, Georgina. This is Wyatt.† It took me a moment. From Doug’s band. â€Å"Hey, how’s it going?† â€Å"Bad. I didn’t know who else to call. I’m at the hospital with Doug. â€Å" My heart stopped. â€Å"Oh my God. What happened?† â€Å"He, uh, took some pills.† â€Å"What kind of pills?† â€Å"Not sure. But he took a whole bottle of them.† Wyatt’s news spurred Seth and me to action. It was funny how tragedy could override anger. Whatever unresolved issues ensnared us, we put them on hold as I drove us downtown. Wyatt had briefly told the rest of the story as I’d left my apartment at a run. Alec hadn’t come through with his latest shipment. Doug had crashed again, plunging into that frightening darkness I’d observed before. Wyatt didn’t entirely know what had triggered the overdose. He blamed everything from a suicidal urge to a desperate attempt at recapturing the high through other means. The emergency room had pumped his stomach, and the doctor said he was okay for now, but he hadn’t yet regained consciousness. Wyatt had called me because Doug had no family here, and no one knew how to contact the ones who lived out of town. Corey and Min were there when we arrived. They elaborated a bit more for us and said there was no change in Doug’s condition. Seth stayed silent, but I could tell he was as concerned as I was. I asked if I could see Doug, and a nurse told me I could. I entered the room alone and found him asleep, hooked up to tubes and a bleeping machine. I had watched medical technology change over the years, from leeches to defibrillators, but that didn’t mean I felt comfortable with any of it. Machines that kept people alive rubbed me the wrong way. They weren’t natural, even if they did good. â€Å"Oh, Doug,† I murmured, sitting at his bedside. His skin was pale, his hand cold and clammy. The bleeping machine registered a steady heartbeat, so that was something. None of the other readouts meant anything to me. I watched him, feeling helpless. Mortals, I thought, were fragile things, and there was nothing I could do about that. Many, many years ago, Bastien and I had worked at a dance hall in Paris. Dancers in those days were almost always prostitutes too, but I hadn’t minded. The opportunity had provided me with both succubus energy and monetary income. Bastien had been a bouncer and ostensibly my lover. This allowed him to sing my praises, bolstering my reputation and sending me a large clientele. â€Å"There’s a young man who shows up every night,† the incubus told me one day. â€Å"He has ‘virgin’ stamped all over him, but he’s rich too. I’ve talked to him a few times. He doesn’t like the idea of paying for sex, but he’s completely obsessed with you.† The news pleased me, and when Bastien pointed out the gentleman, I made a lot of eye contact with him throughout the performance. Sure enough, a manservant of his discretely solicited me on behalf of his employer afterward, and I hurried to prepare myself backstage. â€Å"Josephine,† called a voice beside me. I turned and saw another dancer, an especial friend of mine named Dominique. â€Å"Hey,† I told her, grinning. â€Å"I have a nice prospect I’ve got to get to.† Her grim face made me pause. â€Å"What’s wrong?† Dominique was small and blond, with an almost waifish appearance that made her look like she wasn’t getting enough to eat. That wasn’t a surprise, however. None of us in that profession ever got enough to eat. â€Å"Josephine†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she murmured, blue eyes wide. â€Å"I need your help. I think†¦I think I’m pregnant.† I stopped in my tracks. â€Å"Are you sure?† â€Å"Pretty sure. I†¦I don’t know what to do. I need this job. You know I do.† I nodded. From the wings, Jean – the man who took cuts from our liaisons – yelled at me to hurry up and meet my young man. I gave Dominique a quick hug. â€Å"I have to go do this. I’ll find you later, okay? We’ll figure something out.† But I never really got a later. The young man, Etienne, proved to be adorable. He was much younger than my apparent age, and engaged to be married. He was torn on the issue of sex. Part of him felt he needed to be pure for his bride; the other part wanted to be experienced on his wedding night. That was the part that won out, the part that brought him to my bed and gave me the succubus bonus of both a moral corruption and an energy yield. He resented me for both my lifestyle and my hold over him, but that didn’t stop him from coming back every day for the next few weeks. â€Å"I hate you for this,† he told me one day after we’d been together. He lay back against the sheets, in a sweaty, postcoital repose. I stood near the bed, putting my clothes on while he watched. â€Å"Marry me.† I laughed out loud, tossing my hair – then honey blond and curly – over one shoulder. He flushed angrily. He had dark eyes and hair and a perennially brooding look. â€Å"Is that funny?† â€Å"Only because you hate me in one breath and love me in the other.† I smiled as I laced up my undergarments. â€Å"I suppose there are a lot of marriages like that.† â€Å"Not everything’s a joke,† he said. â€Å"Maybe not,† I agreed. â€Å"But this comes pretty close.† â€Å"Are you turning me down?† I pulled my dress over my head. â€Å"Of course I am. You have no idea what you’re asking. It’s ridiculous.† â€Å"You treat me like I’m a child sometimes,† he declared, sitting up straighten â€Å"You’re not that much older than me. You have no right to act so wise†¦especially since you’re a†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I grinned at him. â€Å"A whore?† He had the grace to look embarrassed. â€Å"And that, sweeting, is the problem. Never mind your family’s scandalized reaction. Even if we managed to pull it off, you’d never get over that. You’d spend the rest of our marriage – which would probably be short-lived – obsessing about all the men I’d been with. Wondering if one of them had been better. Wondering if I’d done something with them that you thought was new and novel with you.† Angry, he stood up and pulled on his pants. â€Å"I would have thought you’d be grateful.† â€Å"Flattered,† I said coldly, â€Å"but nothing more.† That wasn’t entirely true. The truth was, despite his youthful certainty and mood swings, I liked Etienne. A lot. Something about him appealed to me. Maybe it was because all that emotionality and pride came from an artistic nature. He painted as a hobby. There it was again, my unfortunate obsession with creative men. Luckily, at that time in my life, I had enough sense to avoid deep entanglements with humans. â€Å"I wish you could choose who you love,† he said bitterly. â€Å"Because I wouldn’t choose you, you know. But, here we are. I can’t stop thinking about you. I feel like there’s some pull to you I can’t fight.† â€Å"I’m sorry,† I said gently, surprised at the small ache in my heart. â€Å"Wait until you’re married. Your wife will make you forget all about me.† â€Å"No. She doesn’t even compare.† â€Å"Plain?† Egotistical of me, perhaps, but I heard it a lot. â€Å"Boring,† he replied. Then I’d heard a scream, a bloodcurdling, horror-filled scream. I forgot all about Etienne and tore out of the small, dank room. Down the hall I ran until I found a congregation of people and the source of distress. It was Dominique. She sprawled over a narrow pallet, lying in blood. â€Å"My God,† I gasped, kneeling beside her. â€Å"What happened?† But I already knew. I didn’t need the forthcoming explanation from the other dancers. I had neglected her pleas for help a couple weeks ago, caught up in my own whirlwind romance. So she had sought her own solution, as so many lower-class women often did. Unfortunately, there were no machines or sanitizing in those days. An abortion was a dangerous, often deadly, business. â€Å"Oh God,† I said again. I had never lost the need to appeal to my creator, despite my theoretical renouncement. I clutched her hand, not knowing what to do. A half-dressed Etienne appeared in the crowd. I looked up at him desperately. â€Å"You have to go get a doctor. Please.† Whatever injured pride he harbored over my rejection, he couldn’t refuse me in that moment. I saw him make motions to leave, but Bastien grabbed his arm. â€Å"No, it doesn’t matter.† To me he said: â€Å"She’s gone, Fleur .† I looked at Dominique’s young face. Her skin was pale, eyes blank and glazed over as they stared at nothing. I knew I should close them, but suddenly I didn’t want to touch her. I dropped her hand, slowly backing up, staring in horror. It was by no means the first time I’d seen a dead body, but something struck me about it then I’d never really considered with such shocking clarity. One moment she was here, the next she wasn’t. Oh, the difference one heartbeat could make. The stink of mortality hung in the air, painting the awful truth about humans. How short their lives were. And fragile. They were like paper dolls among us, turning to ash in the blink of an eye. How many had I seen come and go in over a millennium? How many had I seen pass from infancy to a gray-haired death? The stink of mortality. It threatened to overwhelm the room. How could no one else sense it? I hated it†¦and I feared it. Feeling suffocated, I backed up further. Both Bastien and Etienne reached for me in some fumbling attempt at comfort, but I wanted none of it. Dominique, barely out of childhood, had just bled her life away in front of me. What fragile things humans were. I had to get out of there before I became sick. I turned from those who would console me and ran away. â€Å"What fragile things humans are,† I murmured to Doug. The feeling that welled up within me now as I sat beside him was not sorrow or despair. It was anger. White-hot anger. Humans were fragile, but some of them were still in my care. And whether that was foolish or not on my part, I could not shirk my duty. Doug was one of my humans. And someone had nearly cut his time short. I stood up, gave his hand a last squeeze, and strode out of the room. From the shocked glances Corey, Min, and Wyatt gave me, I must have looked terrifying. I hit the pause button on my righteous fury when I noticed something. â€Å"Where’s Seth?† â€Å"He said he had to go,† said Corey. â€Å"He left you this.† He handed me a scrap of paper with Seth’s scrawled writing. Thetis, I’ll talk to you later. I stared at it, suddenly feeling nothing. I went numb. My mind would not allow me to focus on Seth just then. I crumpled the paper up, said good-bye to the band, and left the hospital. When I reached the lobby, I took out my cell phone and dialed. â€Å"Alec? This is Georgina.† â€Å"Hey, Georgina!† I heard the anxious note in his voice. Almost desperate. â€Å"You were right,† I began, hoping I sounded anxious too. â€Å"You were right. I need more. Now. Tonight. Can you do it?† â€Å"Yes,† he said. There was palpable relief in his voice. â€Å"Absolutely I can do it.† We set up a meeting spot immediately. It couldn’t be too soon for me. I’d been on an emotional roller coaster in the last twenty-four hours, and I was about to take it out on Alec. I couldn’t wait. The fact that he seemed so eager for it was icing on the cake. â€Å"Oh, hey, Georgina?† he asked, just before we disconnected. â€Å"Yeah?† His voice sounded strange; I couldn’t decipher the emotion. â€Å"You have no idea how glad I am you called.† How to cite Succubus on Top CHAPTER 18, Essay examples

Monopoly Oligopoly and Duopoly in Australia †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Monopoly Oligopoly and Duopoly in Australia. Answer: Introduction Economicsis the study of financial aspects of a country as a whole or the study of the resources that an individual have in monetary terms.Economics can be divided into two parts i.e.Micro-economics and Macro-economics. Micro-economics is study of economic at a small or an individual level(Webster, 2013), for example: when a study of a single person income is considered or the study of economic resources that a particular single firm has is known asMicro-economics. While the study of a nations income as a whole is known as Macro-economics(Birach, 2011). Here in this assignment we will discuss the topic of Monopoly, Duopoly and Oligopoly in Australia. Monopoly is an industry where there is only a single firm with lots of buyer. Duopoly is a situation where a small number of companies mostly two, dominates the entire market. Oligopoly is again a situation where there is the number of buyers is high as compare to the number of sellers. Australia has a diversified market, it has a large number of firms, but every country does have monopolistic, duopolistic and oligopolistic firms. In this assignment we are going to discuss these topics in detail. Critical Analysis Here we will discuss the topic of Monopoly, Oligopoly Duopoly in Australia, in detail. Monopoly is a situation where there is only a single seller of a product with a large base of buyers (Monopoly firm is mostly owned by a government). An example of a monopoly firm/industry in Australia is: Australian post, Trains Water services. This means that these firms are, only allowed to undertake their business services with no other competitors in their relative field of operations. Now if talk about Oligopoly firm of Australia then it would be, the Coles and the Woolworth. Both these Australian firms have a dominant power in the market they occupy around 75% of the Australian supermarket chains(Shinu, 2005). An example of Duopoly will be the sonic health and the primary health care, they together holds a market share around 77% in Medicare industry of Australia. A nation or a country is dependent on its market, if any country has a market that is restricted to few sellers then it wont be able to earn a good amount and their earnings may sound profitable but they will always be limited(Adamgale, 2016). Below is the Graph for three of the above mentioned market forms: Above graph shows the Profit maximization under monopoly firm. In the above graph a monopoly firm will produce maximum profit where MR=MC.(Jack, 2015) The above model was introduced by (Cournet, 2000) in duopoly model he emphasized that each firms maximizes profit, market demand is liner, each firm decides its price by determining others firms prices Above graph shows the oligopoly market, this graph is also known kinked demand curve, this graph makes certain assumptions that firms always profit maximizes, if one firm increase the price others will not follow but if one firm will decrease its products prices then others will follow in order to not to lose the market share(George, 2011) Recommendations Now if we talk about a monopoly firm, it is that earning part of a government or privately owned institutions on which substantial part of their earning relies. In Australia the Australian post, power water services are owned by the Australian government. Similarly in India, Railways, In New Zealand, and Telecommunications and in U.S, the drug companies are owned by monopoly firms. Does monopoly firms are capable of providing any good to the community then the answer would be a big NO. A monopoly firm being a single seller in their relevant field of business uses this opportunity in earning good profits from the customers, without even knowing if their customers are happy with the services provided to them. In my opinion Monopoly firms are a big setback for any nation, as they do not let any other firm to compete in the market. If any other firm will compete the monopoly firm will have to look after their customers demands and then they will not be able to practice price discriminat ion, in addition to this customers will not have to pay sky-high prices for the products and services. Coming to Duopoly, in this type of market there are only two sellers or the producer of a product or a service. They produce products of identical nature and on a same cost(Bellarus, 2010). However they are not known to the strategies of their competitor, so they produce the best of what they can at lower prices in order to give a tough competition to their rival. This type of market is good, however if this number of only 2 sellers is increased to at-least 7-8 sellers then the scenario will be much different. The competition then will increase plus the government of the particular country will enjoy good income from such companies as a source of tax. Under Oligopoly again the number of sellers is small, and the buyers are really on large. Here also we would recommend increasing the number of sellers as it will not only increase the competition but it will also boost the economy of a country. When there will be a good number of competitors, the feeling of competition and providing best to the customer for assuring a long run in the market will strike again and again in the mind of the seller. Hence it is really important for a nation to not to restrict its market to a single or to a limited number of firms as it can setback its economy. Conclusion By observing all facts and important information regarding the topic, a detailed and a brief conclusion is provided here. Monopoly, Oligopoly, Duopoly is that form of market that restricts the entry of the new sellers and limits the market of a country to a small number of sellers i.e. one or two or three only. This limitation over the market not only affects the customers but also the economy of a country in their long run survivals. In Australia Water, Post and train services falls under monopoly, whereas Coles Woolworth falls under oligopoly and Sonic health care primary health care falls under duopoly form of market. This means that from certain sectors or areas Australian economy will only get a certain amount of income as taxes, because the number of sellers in these areas is limited. In order to maximize the wealth in the economy, the Australian government must put an end on such forms of markets that restricts new entrants to perform business. If this happens, Australian econ omy will enjoy a boom as new firms will enter new markets, job opportunities will increase and the customers will get desired products at nominal prices. Bibliography Adamgale, 2016. Monopoly Oligopoly. P.hd. Vatican city: U.Z Publishers U.Z institute of economic studies. Bellarus, 2010. Different types of market. 1st ed. belgorold: Miracle Publishers. Birach, J., 2011. Macro-Economics for studying nations wealth. New Time New Day, 1(1), p.5. Cournet, 2000. Duopoly. 2nd ed. France: Cournet. George, G., 2011. Oligopoly firm. In Karton, ed. Internation standards for economics around the world. 1st ed. beaumount: U.S publishers. pp.125-70. Jack, B., 2015. Economics Under Monopoly. In Lucy, ed. Understanding Economics. 2nd ed. bath: Jackie Publishers. pp.55-70. Shinu, H., 2005. Oligopoly in australia. Research work. Dokalam: H.G Publsihers TTR university. Webster, M., 2013. Micro-economics. In Kerry, ed. Economics in a nation. 2nd ed. London: L.P Publishers. p.2.